Why Socialism?
By Albert Einstein
From Monthly
Review, New York, May, 1949.
[Re-printed in
Ideas and Opinions by Albert Einstein]
The economic anarchy of
capitalist society as it exists today is, in my opinion, the real source of the
evil. We see before us a huge community of producers the members of which are
unceasingly striving to deprive each other of the fruits of their collective
labor -- not by force, but on the whole in faithful compliance with legally
established rules. In this respect, it is important to realize that the means
of production -- that is to say, the entire productive capacity that is needed
for producing consumer goods as well as additional capital goods -- may legally
be, and for the most part are, the private property of individuals.
For the sake of simplicity, in
the discussion that follows I shall call "workers" all those who do
not share in the ownership of the means of production -- although this does not
quite correspond to the customary use of the term. The owner of the means of
production is in a position to purchase the labor power of the worker. By using
the means of production, the worker produces new goods which become the
property of the capitalist. The essential point about this process is the
relation between what the worker produces and what he is paid, both measured in
terms of real value. In so far as the labor contract is "free," what
the worker receives is determined not by the real value of the goods he
produces, but by his minimum needs and by the capitalists' requirements for
labor power in relation to the number of workers competing for jobs. It is
important to understand that even in theory the payment of the worker is not
determined by the value of his product.
Private capital tends to become
concentrated in few hands, partly because of competition among the capitalists,
and partly because technological development and the increasing division of
labor encourage the formation of larger units of production at the expense of
the smaller ones. The result of these developments is an oligarchy of private
capital the enormous power of which cannot be effectively checked even by a
democratically organized political society. This is true since the members of
legislative bodies are selected by political parties, largely financed or
otherwise influenced by private capitalists who, for all practical purposes,
separate the electorate from the legislature. The consequence is that the
representatives of the people do not in fact sufficiently protect the interests
of the underprivileged sections of the population. Moreover, under existing
conditions, private capitalists inevitably control, directly or indirectly, the
main sources of information (press, radio, education). It is thus extremely
difficult, and indeed in most cases quite impossible, for the individual
citizen to come to objective conclusions and to make intelligent use of his
political rights.
The situation prevailing in an
economy based on the private ownership of capital is thus characterized main
principles: first, means of production (capital) are privately owned and the
owners dispose of them as they see fit; second, the labor contract is free. Of
course, there is no such thing as a pure capitalist society in this sense. In
particular, it should be noted that the workers, through long and bitter
political struggles, have succeeded in securing a somewhat improved form of the
"free labor contract" for certain categories of workers. But taken as
a whole, the present-day economy does not differ much from "pure"
capitalism. Production is carried on for profit, not for use. There is no
provision that all those able and willing to work will always be in a position
to find employment; an "army of unemployed" almost always exists. The
worker is constantly in fear of losing his job. Since unemployed and poorly
paid workers do not provide a profitable market, the production of consumers'
goods is restricted, and great hardship is the consequence. Technological
progress frequently results in more unemployment rather than in an easing of
the burden of work for all. The profit motive, in conjunction with competition
among capitalists, is responsible for an instability in the accumulation and
utilization of capital which leads to increasingly severe depressions.
Unlimited competition leads to a huge waste of labor, and to that crippling of
the social consciousness of individuals which I mentioned before.
This crippling of individuals I
consider the worst evil of capitalism. Our whole educational system suffers
from this evil. An exaggerated competitive attitude is inculcated into the
student, who is trained to worship acquisitive success as a preparation for his
future career.
I am convinced there is only
one way to eliminate these grave evils, namely through the establishment of a
socialist economy, accompanied by an educational system which would be oriented
toward social goals. In such an economy, the means of production are owned by
society itself and are utilized in a planned fashion. A planned economy, which
adjusts production to the needs of the community, would distribute the work to
be done among all those able to work and would guarantee a livelihood to every
man, woman, and child. The education of the individual, in addition to
promoting his own innate abilities, would attempt to develop in him a sense of
responsibility for his fellow-men in place of the glorification of power and
success in our present society.